Resumen La interacción entre SARS-CoV-2 e infecciones invasivas por bacterias capsuladas (IIBC) continúa bajo estudio. Objetivos: comparar la incidencia de IIBC antes y durante la pandemia por COVID-19, evaluar la incidencia de coinfección con COVID-19 y la letalidad. Estudio transversal de registros de un laboratorio centralizado de Microbiología, que asiste a una red de centros asistenciales con 713 camas de internación para adultos y pediátricos, expandida 20% durante la pandemia. Tres periodos evaluados: 1) Pre-pandemia: 1-Marzo-2019 al 29-Febrero-2020; 2) Primer año de Pandemia: 1-Marzo-2020 al 28-Febrero-2021; 3) Pandemia 2021: 1-Marzo-2021 al 31-Julio-2021. Análisis estadístico descriptivo: Se analizaron 56.502 muestras (96% hemocultivos) correspondientes a 27.224 pacientes. De estas, 54 muestras (de 54 pacientes) fueron positivas para bacterias capsuladas. La incidencia de IIBC fue 167,4, 32,6 y 50,4 por cada 100.000 muestras para los periodos 1, 2 y 3, respectivamente. Doce IIBC ocurrieron durante la pandemia: 10 Streptococcus pneumoniae y dos Haemophilus influenzae, siete de ellos corresponden a coinfección SARS-CoV-2/S. pneumoniae, con una incidencia de 5,68 por cada 10.000 internaciones por COVID 19 (0,056%). La letalidad de las IIBC fue de 31, 29 y 60% para los tres periodos, respectivamente, 3/7 coinfectados fallecieron (43%). La letalidad por enfermedad neumocócica invasiva (ENI), sin COVID fue de 32,5%. Se evidenció una reducción significativa de la incidencia de IIBC luego del comienzo de la pandemia, coincidente con la implementación de las medidas sanitarias de contención de la pandemia. La incidencia de coinfección de SARS-CoV-2/S. pneumoniae fue baja y presentó mayor letalidad que las ENI sin COVID-19.

Abstract Interaction between severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and IIEB remains under investigation. Objective: to compare IIEB incidence before and during COVID-19 pandemic, and assess incidence of coinfection with COVID-19 and case fatality. A cross-sectional study was performed on data from a centralized microbiology laboratory serving a network of healthcare centers comprising 713 pediatric and adult inpatient beds, expanded by 20% during the pandemic. Three periods were evaluated: (1) pre-pandemic: March 1, 2019-February 29, 2020; (2) pandemic year 1: March 1, 2020-February 28, 2021; (3) pandemic year 2: March 1, 2021-July 31, 2021. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. 56502 samples (96% blood cultures) from 27224 patients were analyzed. Of these, 54 samples (from 54 patients) were positive for encapsulated bacteria. IIEB incidence was: 167.4, 32.6, and 50.4 per 100000 samples for periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Twelve IIEB episodes occurred during the pandemic period: 10 Streptococcus pneumoniae, and 2 Haemophilus influenzae, of which 7 were SARS-CoV-2/S. pneumoniae coinfections, with an incidence of 5.68 per 10000 COVID-19-related hospitalizations (0.056%). IIEB case fatality was 31%, 29%, and 60% for each period, respectively, 3/7 patients with coinfection died (43%). Case fatality for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in patients without COVID-19, was 32.5%. Significant reduction in IIEB incidence was observed during the pandemic, coinciding with implementation of containment measures. The incidence of SARS-CoV-2/S. pneumoniae coinfection was low, with higher case fatality than IPD patients without COVID-19.

Introduction: In the present investigation, the term resistant tuberculosis was used to refer to all types of resistance to this disease, covering the sociodemographic and clinical factors that are usually related to it.  Objective: To determine the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with resistant tuberculosis in an insurance company in Valle del Cauca 2020. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional observational epidemiological study with analytical intent, since it aims to determine the sociodemographic and clinical factors that best explain resistant tuberculosis. The study area is event 813 SIVIGILA, which is tuberculosis, specifically cases reported in affiliates of an insurance company in Valle del Cauca during 2020. Results: according to the differential focus populations, it was more prevalent in the prison population, which corresponds to persons on parole or home detention; the municipalities with the highest number of notified and confirmed cases of tuberculosis were Santiago de Cali, Buenaventura, Palmira, Buga and Tuluá. Conclusions: Most of the notified and confirmed tuberculosis cases in 2020, were male, urban area residents, affiliated to the subsidized regime, low socioeconomic strata (1 and 2), Afro-Colombian ethnicity, the prevalence of resistant tuberculosis was 6.9% equivalent to 32 confirmed cases.

Introducción: En la presente investigación se utilizó el término tuberculosis resistente para referirse a todos los tipos de resistencia que se presenten frente a esta enfermedad, abarcando los factores sociodemográficos y clínicos que suelen tener relación con la misma.   Objetivo: Determinar los factores sociodemográficos y clínicos asociados a la tuberculosis resistente en una aseguradora en el Valle del Cauca 2020. Metodología: Es un estudio epidemiológico observacional transversal con intención analítica, puesto que pretende determinar los factores sociodemográficos y clínicos que mejor expliquen la tuberculosis resistente. El área de estudio es el evento 813 SIVIGILA, que es la tuberculosis, específicamente casos notificados en afiliados a una aseguradora en el Valle del Cauca durante lo corrido de 2020. Resultados: de acuerdo a las poblaciones de enfoque diferencial fue más prevalente en la población carcelaria, que corresponde a personas en libertad condicional o prisión domiciliaria, los municipios con mayor número de casos notificados y confirmados con tuberculosis fueron Santiago de Cali, Buenaventura, Palmira, Buga y Tuluá. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los casos notificados y confirmados tuberculosis en el 2020, fueron de sexo masculino, residentes en el área urbana, afiliados al régimen subsidiado, de estratos socioeconómicos bajos (1 y 2), de etnia afrocolombiana, la prevalencia de tuberculosis resistente fue de 6,9% equivalente a 32 casos confirmados.

ABSTRACT Objective. To calculate the economic impact of violence across Mexico in 2021 and project costs for 2021–2030. Methods. Incidence data was obtained from the Executive Secretariat of the National Public Security System, (SESNSP), National Population Council (CONAPO), National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), and the National Survey of Victimization and Perception of Public Safety (ENVIPE). Our model incorporates incidence estimates of the costs of events associated with violence (e.g., homicides, hospitalizations, rapes, extortions, robbery, etc). Results. The economic impact of crime and violence in Mexico for the year 2021 has been estimated at about $192 billion US dollars, which corresponds to 14.6% of the national GDP. By reducing violence 50% by 2030, we estimate savings of at least US$110 billion dollars. This represents a saving of US$1 376 372 for each company and more than US$66 771 for each Mexican. Conclusion. Violence and homicides have become one of the most pressing public health and economic concerns for their effect on health, development, and economic growth. Due to low cost and high impact, prevention is the most efficient way to respond to crime and violence while also being an essential component of sustainable strategies aimed at improving citizen security.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Calcular el impacto económico de la violencia en el 2021 en todo México y proyectar sus costos para el período 2021–2030. Métodos. Los datos de incidencia se obtuvieron del Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública (SESNSP), el Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO), el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI), y la Encuesta Nacional de Victimización y Percepción sobre Seguridad Pública (ENVIPE). Nuestro modelo incorpora estimaciones de la incidencia de los costos de los eventos asociados a la violencia (por ejemplo, homicidios, hospitalizaciones, violaciones, extorsiones, robos, etc.) Resultados. Se ha estimado que el impacto económico del delito y la violencia en México para el año 2021 es de alrededor de US$ 192 000 millones de dólares estadounidenses, lo que corresponde al 14,6% del PIB nacional. Estimamos que una reducción del 50% de la violencia para el 2030 supondría un ahorro de al menos US$110 000 millones. Esto representa un ahorro de US$1 376 372 para cada empresa y de más de US$66 771 para cada mexicano. Conclusión. La violencia y los homicidios se han convertido en una de las preocupaciones económicas y de salud pública más apremiantes por su efecto sobre la salud, el desarrollo y el crecimiento económico. Debido a su bajo costo y alto impacto, la prevención es la forma más eficiente de responder al delito y la violencia, al tiempo que es un componente esencial de las estrategias sostenibles dirigidas a mejorar la seguridad ciudadana.

RESUMO Objetivo. Estimar o impacto econômico da violência no México em 2021 e fazer a projeção de custos para o período 2021–2030. Métodos. Os dados de incidência da violência no país foram obtidos da Secretaria Executiva do Sistema Nacional de Segurança Pública (SESNSP), do Conselho Nacional de População (CONAPO), do Instituto Nacional de Estatística e Geografia (INEGI) e da Pesquisa Nacional de Vitimização e Percepção de Segurança Pública (ENVIPE). O modelo incorpora estimativas de incidência de custos de eventos associados à violência (como homicídios, internações hospitalares, estupros, extorsões e roubos). Resultados. O impacto econômico da criminalidade e da violência no México foi estimado em torno de US$192 bilhões em 2021, o que equivale a 14,6% do produto interno bruto (PIB) nacional. Estima-se que reduzir a violência em 50% até 2030 pode resultar em uma economia de US$ 110 bilhões ou mais, o que representa uma redução de gastos de US$1 376 372 para cada empresa e de mais de US$66 771 para cada cidadão do México. Conclusão. A violência e os homicídios são um dos problemas econômicos e de saúde pública mais prementes por suas consequências à saúde, ao desenvolvimento e ao crescimento econômico do país. Devido ao seu baixo custo e alto impacto, a prevenção é a forma mais eficiente de combater a criminalidade e a violência, além de ser um componente essencial de qualquer estratégia sustentável para aumentar a segurança da população.

Resumen Introducción: El cuidado de enfermería en áreas clínicas requiere conocimiento, habilidad y experiencia. El tratamiento de una persona hospitalizada usualmente necesita un acceso venoso, en este procedimiento pueden presentarse complicaciones, siendo la flebitis e infiltración las principalmente reportadas. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de flebitis en pacientes pediátricos con catéter corto periférico de acuerdo con el grado de la misma y diversos factores implicados en su aparición. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, prospectivo, observacional y documental realizado entre octubre 2018 a febrero 2019. Resultados: Se encontró una tasa de incidencia de flebitis de 18,5%. De 849 niños con catéter venoso periférico, 157 reportaron flebitis; de ellos 52,2% presentaron flebitis grado I; 29,9%, grado II; 15,3% grado III y 2,5% grado IV. El 78% de los niños presentó peso y talla adecuados para la edad. La flebitis identificada se relacionó al catéter preventivo y asociado a medicamentos como cefalotina y dipirona, así como la presentación en la etapa de infancia y adolescencia de flebitis grado I. Conclusiones: La identificación de la flebitis, sus grados y correlación con las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, permiten establecer acciones de cuidado y fomento de estrategias para mejorar la atención y los estándares de alta calidad.

Abstract Introduction: Nursing care in clinical areas requires knowledge, skills, and experience. Treatment of a hospitalized person usually requires venous access, which carries frequently reported complications such as phlebitis and infiltrations. Objective: To determine the incidence of phlebitis in patients with short peripheral catheter according to its grade and various factors involved in its appearance. Materials and methods: Quantitative, prospective, observational, and documentary study carried out between October 2018 and February 2019. Results: An incidence rate of phlebitis of 18.5% was observed. Phlebitis was reported in 157 out of 849 children with peripheral venous catheter. Grade I, II, III, and IV phlebitis was documented in 52.2%, 29.9%, 15.3%, and 2.5%. respectively. 78% of the children showed adequate weight and height for their age group. These cases of phlebitis were related to preventive catheter and associated with the use of medications such as cephalothin and dipyrone. In the case of grade I phlebitis, it was more frequent in childhood and adolescent populations. Conclusions: The identification of phlebitis, its grades, and its correlation with sociodemographic variables is necessary to establish health care actions and promote strategies in order to improve care and achieve high quality standards.

Abstract Energy and the environment will always play key roles in society. The climate emergency cannot be ruled out to enable the transition for a clean energy future. Currently, non-renewable energy resources are declining, therefore is important to continuously explore renewable resources. Biomass is a renewable resource that can be applied to reduce climate changes and to accomplish emission policies. Cellulose is the most abundant type of biomass worldwide, which can be transformed into biofuels and potential building block platform molecules (e.g furfural) throughout biological or chemical methods. Furfural can be synthetized from cellulose using hydrolysis and dehydration reactions. Furfural has a furan ring and carbonyl functional group which makes it an important intermediary to produce higher value-added molecules at industrial level. These molecules include gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. However, furfural can also be transformed by hydrogenation, oxidation, decarboxylation and condensation reactions. The selective hydrogenation of furfural produces furfuryl alcohol, an important industrial compound, which is widely employed in the production of resins, fibers, and is considered an essential product for pharmaceutical applications. On the other hand, the oxidation of furfural produces furoic acid which is applied in the agrochemical industry, where it is commonly transformed to furoyl chloride which is finally used in the production of drugs and insecticides. The oxidation and reduction of furfural can carry out through heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis, and biocatalysis, etc. Selectivity is an important issue in furfural hydrogenation and oxidation reactions since different products can be obtained by using monometallic or bimetallic catalysts and/or different catalyst supports. In biocatalysis approach, different enzymes, complete cells, tools of modern biotechnology, DNA sequencing, regulation of metabolic networks, overexpression of genes that encode enzymes of interest and optimization of the cellular properties of the microorganism are used. To degradate furanic compounds, improving the productivity and selectivity on a target compound. Herein, a review on the current status of furfuryl alcohol and furoic acid production from furfural by heterogeneous catalysis and biocatalysis has been studied. The stability, selectivity and activity of catalysts along with the different furfural oxidation and reduction conditions have been pointed out. Additionally, the main enzymes, microorganisms and mechanism involved in the furfural degradation process have also been discussed.

Introduction: Hodgkin's lymphoma is a highly curable disease. Autologous and reduced intensity allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantations are alternatives to treat relapsed patients. Here, we report on the results of one service using these procedures. Methods: All patients who underwent transplantations in our institution between 1996 and 2014 were retrospectively studied and demographics, toxicities and survival rate were analyzed. Results: This study evaluated 24 autologous and five reduced intensity allogeneic transplantations: the median ages of the patients were 29 and 32 years, respectively. At the time of autologous transplantation, ten patients were in complete remission, nine had chemosensitive disease but were not in complete remission, three had refractory disease and the status of two is unknown. In the allogeneic group, two were in complete remission and three had chemosensitive disease. The 5-year overall survival after autologous transplantation was 42% (66% patients were in complete remission, 37% had chemosensitive disease with incom- plete remission and 0% had refractory disease) and 1-year overall survival after allogeneic transplantation was 80%. Transplant-related mortality was 0% in patients conditioned with the ifosfamide/carboplatin/etoposide (ICE), carmustine/etoposide/cyclophosphamide (BEC) and carmustine/etoposide/cytarabine/melphalan (BEAM) regimens, 37% in patients condi- tioned with busulfan-based regimens and 20% in allogeneic transplantations. Conclusions: Hematopoietic cell transplantation for relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma is a potentially curative procedure especially in patients in complete remission at the time of autologous transplantations, and possibly after allogeneic transplantations. Further studies are necessary to clarify the role of allogeneic transplantations in the treatment of relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide and causes more deaths each year. Early diagnosis is very important because it is relevant in the choice and treatment efficacy, with greater success when caught early. The best strategy for early detection is through primary prevention through information, guidance and education to the female population about risk factors and promoting positive health behaviors. The aim of the study was to identify domains and affected classes in a postoperative mastectomy patient. Materials and Methods: A case study in female patients of 47 years of age diagnosed with left breast cancer, performing left radical mastectomy in a private health institution in Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico. The nursing process was applied, making the nursing assessment with Taxonomy II Nursing Diagnoses, domains and affected classes in the postoperative period are described, implementing the nursing care plan with interrelationships, diagnoses, interventions and outcomes. Results: The patient improved, egressing the third day after surgery, education was provided for care at home. Discussion and Conclusions: After investigating the case, the importance of carrying out the plan of nursing care with the respective relationships to provide quality care was observed.

Introducción: El cáncer de mama es una de las neoplasias más frecuentes en mujeres a nivel mundial y causan más muertes cada año. El diagnóstico oportuno es muy importante ya que es de relevancia en la elección y eficacia del tratamiento, teniendo mayor éxito cuando se detecta temprano. La mejor estrategia para la detección temprana es a través de la prevención primaria mediante información, orientación y educación a la población femenina acerca de los factores de riesgo y la promoción de conductas favorables a la salud. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar dominios y clases afectadas en paciente postoperada de mastectomía. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de caso en paciente femenina de 47 años de edad diagnosticada con cáncer de mama izquierda, realizándole mastectomía radical izquierda en una institución de salud del sector privado de Tampico, Tamaulipas, México. Se aplicó el proceso enfermero, realizando la valoración de enfermería con la Taxonomía II de Diagnósticos de enfermería, se describen los dominios y clases afectadas en el periodo posoperatorio, implementándose el plan de cuidados de enfermería con las interrelaciones diagnósticos, intervenciones y resultados. Resultados: La paciente evolucionó favorablemente, egresando al tercer día de la intervención quirúrgica, se proporcionó educación para sus cuidados en el domicilio. Discusión y Conclusiones: Al finalizar la investigación del caso, se observó la importancia de llevar a cabo el plan de cuidados de enfermería con las respectivas interrelaciones para brindar atención de calidad.

Introducción: El cáncer de mama es una de las neoplasias más frecuentes en mujeres a nivel mundial y causan más muertes cada año. El diagnóstico oportuno es muy importante ya que es de relevancia en la elección y eficacia del tratamiento, teniendo mayor éxito cuando se detecta temprano. La mejor estrategia para la detección temprana es a través de la prevención primaria mediante información, orientación y educación a la población femenina acerca de los factores de riesgo y la promoción de conductas favorables a la salud. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar dominios y clases afectadas en paciente postoperada de mastectomía. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de caso en paciente femenina de 47 años de edad diagnosticada con cáncer de mama izquierda, realizándole mastectomía radical izquierda en una institución de salud del sector privado de Tampico, Tamaulipas, México. Se aplicó el proceso enfermero, realizando la valoración de enfermería con la Taxonomía II de Diagnósticos de enfermería, se describen los dominios y clases afectadas en el periodo posoperatorio, implementándose el plan de cuidados de enfermería con las interrelaciones diagnósticos, intervenciones y resultados. Resultados: La paciente evolucionó favorablemente, egresando al tercer día de la intervención quirúrgica, se proporcionó educación para sus cuidados en el domicilio. Discusión y Conclusiones: Al finalizar la investigación del caso, se observó la importancia de llevar a cabo el plan de cuidados de enfermería con las respectivas interrelaciones para brindar atención de calidad.

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide and causes more deaths each year. Early diagnosis is very important because it is relevant in the choice and treatment efficacy, with greater success when caught early. The best strategy for early detection is through primary prevention through information, guidance and education to the female population about risk factors and promoting positive health behaviors. The aim of the study was to identify domains and affected classes in a postoperative mastectomy patient. Materials and Methods: A case study in female patients of 47 years of age diagnosed with left breast cancer, performing left radical mastectomy in a private health institution in Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico. The nursing process was applied, making the nursing assessment with Taxonomy II Nursing Diagnoses, domains and affected classes in the postoperative period are described, implementing the nursing care plan with interrelationships, diagnoses, interventions and outcomes. Results: The patient improved, egressing the third day after surgery, education was provided for care at home. Discussion and Conclusions: After investigating the case, the importance of carrying out the plan of nursing care with the respective relationships to provide quality care was observed.